Baltimore Opera Company

Study Guide

Nabucco

Opera At A Glance

Opera in four acts

Music – Giuseppe Verdi (Jew-SEHP-peh VEHR-di)
b. 10 October, 1813; Le Roncole, Busseto , Italy
d. 27 January, 1901; Milan , Italy

Libretto – Temistocle Solera, based on the biblical story and the play by Anicet Bourgeois and Francis Cornu.

Premiere: 9 March, 1842; Teatro Alla Scala, Milan

Principal Characters:

Nabucco (Nah-BOOK-koh) Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon Baritone

Abigaille (Ah-bee-gah-EEL-leh) believed to be Nabucco's daughter Soprano

Ismaele (Eees-mah-EH-leh) nephew of the King of Jerusalem Tenor

Zaccaria (Tsahk-kah-REE-ah) High Priest of the Hebrews Bass

Fenena (Feh-NEH-nah) daughter of Nabucco Mezzo soprano

Anna (AHN-nah) Sister of Zaccaria Soprano 

Nabucco (Nah-BOOK-koh) takes place in Jerusalem and Babylon in 586 BC.

GIUSEPPE VERDI

As a child in the small town of Le Roncole in Parma , Fortunio Giuseppe Francesco Verdi showed great interest in music-making. His father bought him a used spinet piano and arranged for him to have lessons from the village organist. When Verdi was about ten, his father sent him to nearby Busseto for further musical training. He was apprenticed to Antonio Barezzi, a keen musician who played the flute and clarinet and was the president of the local Philharmonic Society, who saw that Verdi received the best musical training Busseto had to offer (which wasn't much). Verdi played the organ and sometimes filled in for Ferdinando Provesi, the conductor of the local orchestra who, like Barezzi, recognized the young man's potential. He began composing, and some of his compositions were played by the local band. The townspeople of Busseto, together with Barezzi, raised funds to send him to the famous Conservatory in Milan . Verdi applied to the Conservatory in 1832 at the age of eighteen, but was deemed “lacking in musical talent”. The Conservatory jurors felt that not only was he too old for study (the average age of a student was 14), but that his “mediocre” pianism would be an “embarrassment” to the institution. He sought private instruction with Vincenzo Lavigna, who taught him the basics of counterpoint (with emphasis on the works of Giovanni Palestrina and Benedetto Marcello), fugue and dramatic composition.

Verdi's first opera, Oberto , was introduced at La Scala on November 17, 1839. It was only heard in a few performances, but sufficiently impressed the great Ricordi publishing house that they accepted it and commissioned a new opera. Verdi's personal life took a miserable turn during this time when his wife (Margherita Barezzi, the daughter of his gracious benefactor) and two young children died within a short span. The new opera, a comedy titled Un Giorno di Regno , was a fiasco. Despite its failure and his personal misfortunes, Verdi went to work on his next opera, Nabucco . Nabucco premiered on March 9, 1848 at La Scala and was such a triumph that suddenly food, clothing and toys were being named after him.

By 1850, Verdi was the premier composer of opera in Italy and one of the most successful in all of Europe . Yet one of the most popular and frequently performed operas of our time, Verdi's La Traviata , had a disastrous opening in 1853. Some of the audience were shocked by the immorality of the story; others disliked the contemporary setting. Before the final curtain had fallen, the crowd had voiced its disapproval with hissing, shouting and catcalls. Verdi withdrew the opera for a year in order to rework it; when it played again in its new form on May 6, 1854, it was a great success.

In 1863, Verdi was elected as a deputy to the newly formed Italian Parliament. Though he was passionately patriotic, Verdi hated overt politics and soon withdrew. In fact, when King Victor Emmanuel decreed him a lifetime Senator in 1874, Verdi only attended the Senate once – to take his oath! During his tenure in office, he did try to push through a scheme for government subsidy of lyric theaters and conservatories.

Verdi had his second great period of creativity from 1851 ( Rigoletto ) to 1871 ( Aïda ). Indeed, Aïda was the culmination of this period, the grandest of grand operas. The opera was commissioned by the Khedive of Egypt as part of the celebration of the opening of the Suez Canal . No expense was spared in the production – Radames' shield and helmet were solid silver, Amneris' crown was pure gold, and the second act triumphal march had a cast of 300.

After Aïda , Verdi took a sixteen year holiday from writing operas. During this period, he wrote one of his rare instrumental pieces, a string quartet. He also completed his most important non-operatic work, the “Manzoni Requiem”. For the remaining years in this period, he devoted himself to his farm in Sant'Agata. His next opera was Otello , a phenomenal success, followed by his last opera, Falstaff . There was only one composition after Falstaff , the “Quattro pezzi sacri” (“Four Sacred Pieces”) for chorus.

Verdi suffered a paralytic stroke on January 21, 1901 and died six days later. During his final days straw was placed on the paving blocks in front of his house to lessen the sound of the passing cars and horses; so great was his estimation in the eyes of the Italians that every effort was made to make his final moments peaceful. He was given a national hero's funeral – schools were closed; a special session of the Senate heard eulogies; thousands jammed the streets to see his funeral cortege. Of all composers of Italian opera, Giuseppe Verdi stands as the pinnacle, so great as to “practically constitute the history of Italian music”.

Susan Fahrig

Temistocle Solera

Temistocle Solera was born in about 1815 in Ferrara , a city in Italy that lies very close to Bologna . At a young age, he ran away from his family and joined a circus. His fantastic stories and creativity stemmed from his life in the circus. He wrote many librettos in his lifetime, some for famous composers and some for himself. None of his librettos produced successful operas except for those which Verdi composed, including Nabucco , I Lombardi , and Giovanna d'Arco . In addition to writing libretti, he also served as the stage director at La Scala from 1839 to 1845. He then moved to Spain with his wife, a singer, and became orchestral director in several different cities there. Solera even started writing libretti and poems in Spanish. In 1856, he moved to Milan , where he worked as a spy for Napoléon III and Cavour. He soon grew to dislike Napoléon III's policies and instead went into public security. When he left this job, he even tried his hands at dealing antiques. Solera died in poverty on Easter Sunday in 1878 after a life of varied interests and constantly changing professions.

-Lily Friedman

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